The Macchiaioli: Italian painters of the nineteenth century

I : The local and international contexts

The Macchiaioli and the Risorgimento

The Macchiaioli and late nineteenth-century European painting: The "Macchia" and plein-airism

II : Painting in nineteenth-century Florence before the Macchiaioli

Florentine art under Napoleon and the Austrian grand dukes

Academic instruction and the evolution of the "Macchia" sketch

III : "Violent chiaroscuro" : the history of the "Macchia" movement, 1855-1862

The prologue, 1853-1855

The caffe Michelangiolo and the return of De Tivoli, Altamura, and Morelli from the Paris World's fair of 1855

Serafino De Tivoli and the "School of Staggia"

Domenico Morelli and the first phase of the "Macchia"

Early experiments with outdoor sketching: Telemaco Signorini at La Spezia in 1858

The military campaigns of 1859 and their impact on the Macchiaioli

Signorini, Cabianca, and Banti at La Spezia in 1860 Decamps and the Macchiaioli : the Demidoff and Troubetzkoy collections.